Training = Course Level II

TRAINING=20 COURSE =

LEVEL=20 II-A

TRAINING=20 COURSE

(SELF=20 STUDY)

Headquarters

Virginia Defense=20 Force

500 Dove = Street

Richmond, VA 23222

1 MAY = 97

VIRGINIA DEFENSE

FORCE

PAMPHLET 350-2-1

VIRGINIA DEFENSE

FORCE

II-A COURSE BOOK=20

350-2-1

1.=20 INTRODUTION

A. Advanced = Training=20 Concepts:

VDF members=20 participate in a five-phase training program. Every new member receives = standard=20 Orientation Training covering mission, organization, uniform wear, and = basic=20 drill and courtesies. Advanced Training provides mission skills for the = role of=20 the member=92s unit in an emergency. Advanced Trading can require up to = 120 hours=20 to complete, based on unit mission, and is given on a two to four year = cycle. So=20 that VDF managers can be assured members have the appropriate skills for = a=20 specific assignment, VDF has a two-part certification = program.

B. Il-A = Training and=20 Certification:

(1) II-A = certification=20 is entry level certification in emergency response knowledge that every = VDF=20 member should have to perform his or her assigned duties.

(2) II-A = certification=20 includes self-study and unit training. The certification process=20 is:

(a) =20 Member studies the material in this manual. Units may use the manual to = teach=20 introductory-level classes or discussion groups.

(b) =20 Individual takes a 50 question written exanimation on the material in = this=20 manual. This test is given by the unit and may be closed book with a = passing=20 score of 70% or open book with a passing score of 95%. Tests are = corrected to=20 100% at the unit level. The test administrator will then review missed = questions=20 with the member.

(3) = Completed test=20 answer sheets are forwarded to Division G1. Answer sheets are posted in=20 personnel 201 records.

C. II-B = Training=20 and Certification:

2. ALERTING = AND=20 ACTIVATION:

A.=20 Mission:

By the Code = of=20 Virginia and=20 Adjutant General Letter of Instruction, the mission of the VDF is=20 to:

(1) Assume = control of=20 National Guard facilities.

(2) Assist = in National=20 Guard mobilization

(3) Support = the=20 National Guard with family assistance

(4) Perform = all tasks=20 currently performed by the National Guard to protect life and=20 property

(5) Perform = tasks=20 unique to the post mobilization environment

B. What the = Mission Does = Not=20 include:

VDF is not = an armed=20 force. Our mission = does not=20 include any function requiring VDF members to be armed or trained in = weapons=20 use. The Code of Virginia states VDF members "shall not be armed with = firearms=20 during the performance of training duty or state active duty, except = under=20 circumstances and in instances authorized by the Governor.=94 [44-54.12] = There is=20 no believable scenario in which the armed forces of the United Stales, = the=20 National Guard, or law enforcement would require VDF augmentation as an = armed=20 force. VDF members serve the Commonwealth best by concentrating on being = highly=20 trained and capable in those missions which we will be = assigned.

C.=20 Activation:

The call to = State=20 Active Duty is made by the Governor. VDF personnel cannot perform the = emergency=20 duties ruled for in our mission without being called to State Active = Duty by an=20 executive order or proclamation of the Governor.

(1) In an = emergency,=20 local communities may request a variety of different types of = assistance. The=20 type of assistance they receive is determined by an orderly chain of=20 events.

a. Community = identifies a need for emergency assistance (such as clearing fallen = trees) that=20 cannot met by the jurisdiction=92s resources.

b. Request = is=20 forwarded to Virginia = Department of Emergence Services at the = State = Emergency Operations Center (EOC).

c. Staff in = the EOC=20 determines what agency with full-time staff will handle the request. = Normally=20 requests are filled by state agencies that do not have to bring = additional staff=20 onto the payroll (the tree clearing request might go to the Departments = of=20 Transportation or Forestry, for example).

d. If other = state=20 resources are exhausted and the task can be performed by military = resources, the=20 EOC will task the National Guard through the State Area Command (STARC) = EOC to=20 take the mission.

e. The = Adjutant=20 General's staff in the STARC EOC will determine which National Guard = Component=20 (Army, Air, or Virginia Defense Force) will handle the mission. That = unit will=20 then be given a warning order and activated for the = mission.

(2) This = sequence=20 ensures the correct resource is used for emergency task and that = resources and=20 money are not wasted. From the start, it may take 8 hours for a VDF unit = to be=20 called for a mission task. All VDF members must understand = that:

a. VDF is = not a fire=20 department or rescue squad. We will not be called for tasks that need an = immediate red-lights-and-sirens response.

b. VDF will = not be=20 called for an emergency, if an emergency can be resolved with normal = community=20 resources or with mutual aid or with state resources. There is no chance = VDF=20 units would be activated for ground search and rescue for a missing = person, or=20 for a hazardous materials spill, or for an aircraft = crash.

c. VDF will = be called=20 for a major emergency that has used up other resources and that will = continue=20 over a long period of time. VDF units must be prepared to deal with = extremely=20 serious disaster conditions and to support themselves for days. Because = we will=20 be called late in the problem, we must be able to mobilize and deploy = our=20 personnel quickly.

(3) Unit = processing=20 for activation will be similar to National Guard mobilization=20 processing.

a. Prior to=20 activation, each individual should have completed the to following=20 preparations:

1. Family = briefed on=20 when the member can be called, for how long, and for what types of duty. = Family=20 prepared to take care of itself in the member's absence. Family has = basic=20 disaster supplies and is trained in home emergency = procedures.

2. = Arrangements made=20 for care of children of VDF members who are single = parents.

3. Wills are = current=20 and family members know where the will and where critical documents = (such as=20 insurance papers, property deeds, etc.) are located, Spouses have power = of=20 attorney adequate to allow them to conduct business affairs for up to 60 = days.

4. = Arrangements made to=20 care for property and pets in the absence of a single = member.

b. Each = person should=20 report on activation with:

1. Personal = documents -=20 driver's license, VDF identification card, radio licenses, etc. =

2. At least a = two-week=20 supply of any critical personal medicines.

3. 72 hour = basic load /=20 Deployment pack.

4. Personal = medical=20 records or synopsis statement of health, Current record of any=20 immunizations.

c. Personnel = will be=20 processed by units using the current Division activation checklist. = Division=20 headquarters publishes orders placing the individuals on State Active=20 Duty.

d. Alerting: = It is=20 unlikely that an activation order world come without warning. In an = evolving=20 emergency, the activation process would allow for alerting VDF personnel = so=20 units are ready to go when the Governor=92s order is issued. VDF uses = two alert=20 states to alert and account for personnel:

1. ALERT = ONE:=20 Alert One is a telephone alert. Units will be asked to contact all of = their=20 personnel, determine who is available, and report strength to the next = higher=20 level

a. Companies = should be=20 able to complete their alerting in under 15 minutes, and Battalions-In = under one=20 hour.

b. At the = same time,=20 units may be instructed to put personnel on TELEPHONE STANDBY. This = means you=20 should be at a telephone number where you can be reached and that the = person who=20 is supposed to be able to call you knows that phone number. If you have = to be=20 away from the telephone, contact the person who calls you and let them = know how=20 long you will be out of touch, if you go to another location, check in = with the=20 new phone number.

c. Any = commander may=20 order Alert One, based on local conditions and the probability of=20 activation.

2. ALERT = TWO:=20 Alert Two is a response alert. Members report in uniform to their home = armory=20 with vehicles and 72-hour basic load ready for operations. Troops should = use=20 extra caution in driving to ensure we don't loose people and equipment = in a=20 needless accident before the emergency starts. The division Commander is = the=20 only commander who can authorize Alert Two.

e. = Exercising=20 Readiness: To test the ability of VDF units to respond to emergency = tasking,=20 conducting readiness exercises. Schedules for these we coordinated with = the=20 Virginia Army National Guard staff and may involve STARC=20 participation.

1. = Emergency=20 Deployment Readiness Exercise (EDRE)

An EDRE is = conducted=20 for each VDF unit at least once a year. EDREs exercise the alerting = system. The=20 unit will receive advanced notification of the time period in which the = EDRE=20 will be held. The EDRE itself will be a telephone ALERT ONE or ALERT = TWO. Unit=20 performance is evaluated based on the ability of the unit to rapidly = contact as=20 many of it personnel as possible

2. = Operational=20 Readiness Checks (ORC)

ORCs are = conducted for=20 units on a random schedule, although each Company and Battalion should = expect=20 ORC at least once every two years. ORCs test the ability = of

the unit to = actually=20 mobilize, proceed to a mission area, and perform the mission on which = unit=20 personnel have been trained ORCs will be conducted on scheduled drill = days.=20

3. = COMMAND AND=20 CONTROL OF VDF FORCES

A. Command = and, OPCON,=20 and TACON: VDF forces may operate in several different command=20 relationships.

(1) = Command:=20 For normal administration and training VDF has an established chain of = command.=20 Commanders direct the operations, organization, and training of their=20 units.

However, = command=20 relationships may change in actual emergency operations, and unit = leaders at=20 the Platoon, Company, and Battalion level must be prepared for = significant=20 changes in who they work for.

(2) = Operational=20 Control: For the duration of a major emergency, VDF forces may be=20 reorganized into Task Forces or other organizations. Commanders may be = given=20 OPCON of other assigned VDF units. This allows them to determine task=20 assignments, direct unit performance, and reassign forces as=20 required.

(3) = Tactical=20 Control (TACON): For individual mission tasks, VDF units may = assigned to=20 TACON of other organizations. The VDF unit commander reports to and = receives=20 direction from the organization to which he or she is attached. When the = task is=20 completed, control of the unit goes back to the VDF chain of=20 command.

B. Small=20 Emergencies: In small emergencies VaARNG will request activation of = a small=20 number of VDF personnel to support the responding National Guard units. = A=20 Company or Platoon size unit will be assigned to TACON of a National = Guard=20 commander in the field. In Richmond, VDF liaison will be = activated for=20 duty at STARC Headquarters to provide expertise and command and control = of VDF=20 resources. Brigade and Battalion headquarters will not be activated as=20 headquarters elements. Total VDF response may be as few as 7 to=20 10.

C.=20 Catastrophes: In a catastrophic disaster, such as Hurricane = Andrew was,=20 we can expect the entire VDF to be called to State Active Duty. By law, = VDF=20 personnel can be called for up to 60 days of duty at any one=20 time.

(1) Units = in=20 Affected Areas: Units home-stationed in a disaster area will not be = called=20 to serve as initial response units. If there is warning of the disaster = some VDF=20 personnel may be called prior to the disaster to assist local National = Guard=20 units in moving equipment and protecting armories. However, these = personnel will=20 be released to take care of their families and property during the = disaster.=20 They may be called to serve as a second relief force during the recovery = efforts=20 as VDF units are rotated.

(2) = Rotation: A=20 major disaster lasts months. VDF personnel will most probably be = employed in=20 rotation, for example, two brigades on and two brigades off in two-week=20 shifts.

(3) Key=20 Resources: Some VDF key resources, including communications, = aviation, and=20 Tactical=20 Operations Center qualified staff = personnel, may be=20 called for extended periods time.

D. Area = of=20 Operations and Area of Responsibility: An area of responsibility = (AOR) is a=20 geographical area within which a Commander is responsible for planning,=20 recruiting, liaison with other agencies, and the stationing of forces.=20 Commanders may conduct training and actual operations within the AOR, = AORs are=20 relatively permanent, are aligned along county boundaries, and we = normally=20 assigned at the Brigade and Battalion level. An area of operations (AO) = is an=20 area within which actual operations we conducted. AOs are more flexible, = change=20 with the evolving disaster situation, and are assigned down to the = Platoon=20 level.

E. = Warning Orders=20 and Operations Orders: VDF units will be activated and assigned = missions=20 using the standard warning order (WARNO) and operations order (OPORD) = system.=20 WARNOs and OPORDs may originate from the STARC EOC or from the Division. = If the=20 Division has published an operation plan or concept plan for a type of=20 emergency, the WARNO and OPORD will normally reference that = plan.

(1) = Warning=20 Orders: A Warning Order issued to alert a unit that it may be called = to=20 State Active Duty and/or to alert a unit to expected mission tasking, = Warning=20 orders have no set format and may be as simple as a phone call =93expect = activation in five hours to support the 229th Engineers with road = clearing in=20 Caroline county.=94 Where possible, a more formal waning order may be = given to=20 provide situation, mission, and instructions.

(2) = Operations=20 Order: An Operation Order is issued to assign a unit specific = mission=20 tasking. Unless a time is specified, an OPORD is normally the formal = written=20 authority for a unit to activate, mobilize its personnel and proceed = with the=20 mission.

F. = Emergency Operations Center: At the Battalion level and above = the key=20 facility from which staffs provide control of operations is the = Emergency = Operations Center. The Division = Emergency Operations Center (DEOC) in a small = emergency may be=20 activated as a Liaison Officer in the STARC EOC. In a major catastrophe, = the=20 DEOC will probably be established in the Division headquarters building = in=20 Richmond.

G.=20 Interoperability: The demands of disasters mean that VDF may have = to mix=20 units of different commands to meet the unique demands of the situation. = As a=20 result, VDF members must all be trained to the same standard and be able = to do=20 our mission tasks in the same way if we are to be = successful.

4. = COMPANIES AS=20 RESPONSE UNITS

A. Basic = Deployment=20 Units: The Company is the basic working response unit of the=20 VDF.

(1) VDF = companies live=20 in the communities to which they are assigned, know the area of = operations, and=20 have established relationships with other community-response=20 organizations.

(2) VDF = companies=20 drill in the same armories with the National Guard units they will be = called to=20 support. VDF company commanders know their National Guard counterparts = and have=20 established working relationships with them.

(3) The = company is the=20 size unit that will be needed for most National Guard taskings to VDF = units in=20 small emergencies, or within hearing.

B. = Platoon as=20 Mission Teams: The six-person Platoon is the ideal unit for response = taskings.

(1) = Six=20 personnel can fit in two vehicles for response. This meets VDF basic = safety=20 criteria at never having fewer than two people in a vehicle and never=20 dispatching a single vehicle on a mission task.

(2) Six = personnel can=20 develop into a well-trained team with a high degree of confidence in = each=20 other's skills and with the ability to work together = smoothly.

(3) Most = part of=20 disaster tasks can be assigned to Platoon-size teams. For example, six = personnel=20 can handle evacuation traffic at a major intersection or provide access = control=20 to a building or carry an injured person on a stretcher for a short = distance or=20 cover a deployment with windshield damage assessment.

C. = Continuity of=20 Command:

A basic = principle of=20 military command and control is that the senior ranking individual = assigned to a=20 unit is in command. If you are the only officer, you are the commander,=20 regardless of whether or not you are filling a Commander's billet on a = manning=20 table. If you are the on Warrant Officer and there are no commissioned = officers,=20 you are in command. And Sergeants, you we noncommissioned officers =96 = that means=20 you have officer leadership responsibilities, Including assuming = command, if=20 there is no commissioned offer or warrant officer. BOTTOM LINE =97 if = you are the=20 senior person, assume command until you are relieved by a higher-ranking = individual.

5. KEY=20 SKILLS

VDF response = actions=20 in an emergency center around four basic rules of emergency response: = MOVE,=20 MISSION, COMMUNICATE, SURVIVE. To get to where we are needed, VDF units = must be=20 able to MOVE in an orderly manner, arriving at the same time in the most = efficient way. We then have to have the skills and knowledge to perform = the=20 Mission we are=20 assigned - this the actual hands-on response work. To control our units, = to=20 assure troop safety, and to be able to report results, we must be able = to=20 COMMUNICATE. Finally, we must be able to SURVIVE In the environment the=20 emergency causes.

A.=20 Move:

(1) Road=20 Maps:

a. The = standard road=20 maps VDF uses are:

1. = Virginia = Department of Transportation = (VDOT) state=20 highway map.

2. VDOT = county road=20 maps.

3. Local = road and=20 street maps. The ADC map book series is commonly used, along with the = ADC=20 Virginia road=20 atlas.

b. Although = there are=20 difference in the symbols used road maps, the following guidelines are = generally=20 true:

1. Road = signs for=20 routes are generally the same as shown on the maps. Interstate highways = are=20 marked with the multicolor Interstate shield, US highways with a = black-and-white=20 shield, and state roads with a circle.

2. Major = roads=20 generally have distances between major towns or intersections marked. = These can=20 be used for rough planning, although the actual distance on the ground = may=20 vary.

3. Distances = on maps=20 and highway signs are measured to city center. You may go nowhere near = the city=20 center.

4. Wider = lines equal=20 better roads. Two-color lines are for roads better than one-color lines. = Check=20 the legend carefully for roads that are marked as jeep roads, trails, or = unimproved - In any poor weather they become impassable = quickly.

5. Note the = location=20 of rest stops on Interstate Highways. These make excellent convoy rest = locations=20 as they have adequate parking, rest rooms, and usually drink and snack=20 machines,

(2) Route = Sketches: You may be given a route sketch or a simple strip map = showing road=20 directions to your assignment or the VDF staging point. These sketches = are not=20 complete maps of the entire route. They cover critical points such as=20 intersections at which you may have to turn, major landmarks by which = you can=20 judge your progress, and routes through towns or detours that may = confuse you.=20 Between these points there is usually no detail shown, even though there = may be=20 a lot of small or even major roads. Strip maps should show approximate = distances=20 between key points. If you are issued a strip map or route sketch, make = sure you=20 understand exactly what the route is =97 ask questions and make any = additional=20 notes you need.

(3) Route = Selection: In selecting routes for emergency movement, you must = consider=20 several factors:

a. Will the = route be=20 passable? Consider whether disaster effects will block the road = (avalanche,=20 flooding, coastal erosion, collapse, or debris). Will the road be = converted to=20 one-way flow for emergency evacuation? If it is still two-way, can you = expect an=20 unusual amount of traffic that will slow you to a crawl?

b. Are = services=20 available? Back-country roads may offer a good way to avoid congestion. = However,=20 late at night will there be gasoline, wrecker services, food, = telephones, etc.,=20 available? In most of the state the answer is no.

c. What is = the speed=20 tradeoff? Even a congested Interstate may allow sustained speeds of 40 = mph.=20 Two-lane rural roads that pass through a number of small towns may slow = speed=20 advance down to an average of 30 mph

d. Will = there be=20 roadblocks that you can get through? On major roadways, roadblocks will = be=20 manned by law enforcement personnel who are briefed what response and = recovery=20 resources to expect and how to get them where they are going. Back roads = may=20 have the guy on duty who hasn't seen any recovery forces, doesn't want = to see=20 any, doesn't know what to do, and doesn't want to find out. The easiest = answer=20 is always "No, you can't go through; turn around; and go back where you = came=20 from.=94

(4) = Pre-Movement=20 Vehicle Checks: Good movement discipline includes making sure that = easily=20 correctable problems will not disable your vehicle. Prior to any = movement,=20 operators should cheek the following: (this list should be tailored for = your=20 vehicle and is only a guideline):

a. Radio = antennas=20 secure, coaxial cable tightly attached to radios, power leads in, = microphones=20 attached.

b. = Headlights, parking=20 lights, brake lights, and turn signals are all = operational.

c. = Windshield wipers=20 operational and blades in good condition, fluid reservoir = full.

d. = Windshield and=20 windows clean with nothing blocking the driver's vision, mirrors = correctly=20 adjusted.

e. Tires in = good=20 condition with sufficient tread, no cuts, and no sharp objects stuck in = the=20 tires, tire pressure good.

f. Spare = tire in good=20 condition, jack and tools on-board vehicle.

g. Fluids at = proper=20 levels, including radiator, oil, transmission fluid, and battery (if not = sealed).

h. Emergence = equipment=20 on-board including working flashlight, flares or reflector triangles, = jumper=20 cables, towing strap or rope, chains (for winter), and first aid=20 kit.

(5) Load=20 Planning: All vehicles in a unit should be loaded in a generally = similar=20 fashion according to a unit SOP. This makes easy to find things when you = have to=20 send someone to grab a tool or supplies in an emergency. Each vehicle = should=20 have a completed load plan that indicates who will sit where and where=20 personnel, vehicle, and unit equipment will be stowed. Check the load = plan prior=20 to loading; and follow it.

(6) Small = Unit=20 Convoy Procedures: For safety and to allow effective employment of = units=20 arriving as a mass, VDF units should move as a convoy. However, a VDF = convoy is=20 not a group of vehicles moving as a military convoy. Our vehicles are = not=20 distinctive or recognizable as military vehicles and would not be given = even the=20 limited courtesy military convoys are afforded by other drivers. The = following=20 guidelines should be followed:

a. Mark all = vehicles=20 with distinctive VDF windshield placards so that law enforcement = personnel can=20 identity VDF vehicles at roadblocks.

b. Brief the = route to=20 everyone. Identify rest stops every hour, and plan for a meal and fuel = stops at=20 standard intervals. Issue each vehicle a strip map. The lead vehicle and = the=20 Convoy Commander should have written orders for the = movement.

c. The = first, last,=20 and unit commander's vehicles must have radios. Maintain radio contact = between=20 these vehicles.

d. Vehicles = depart in=20 a set order and maintain this order through the march. There is no set = spacing=20 between vehicles, and no attempt should be made to keep other vehicles = from=20 cutting between convoy vehicles.

e. The = convoy will=20 obey posted speed limits and traffic control devices. If the convoy is = split at=20 a traffic light, vehicles will adjust speed to allow the delayed = vehicles to=20 catch up. Convoy commanders will set a desired average speed for = vehicles to=20 maintain the road.

f. If a = vehicle fails=20 out for breakdown, detach another vehicle to standby to transport the = crew after=20 arrangements are made for pick-up, repair, or safe = storage.

g. If a = vehicle is=20 involved in an accident or is detained for an infraction of the law, = halt the=20 convoy and cooperate with law enforcement officials. This does not mean = any=20 member should give up his rights or incriminate himself. Contact DEOC = and=20 request staff judge advocate assistance, as required.

B. = Perform the=20 Mission:

(1) = Armory=20 Takeover:

a. = What: VDF=20 personnel assume responsibility for facilities and property at National = Guard=20 armories at which no National Guard units remain.

b. = How: VDF=20 personnel are alerted by the Armory Commander and are requested to = assume=20 control of the Armory. The following actions are taken:

1. Confirm = State=20 Active Duty authorized.

2. VDF unit = Commander,=20 First Sergeant, and Supply Sergeant reports to the Armory as requested = and=20 establish contact with the VaARNG personnel designated to do=20 takeover.

3. = Non-mobilized=20 equipment inventoried by the Unit and the VDF, Clear the facilities room = by room=20 and area by area.

4. Ensure = Armory users=20 and information file is up to date.

5. Inspect=20 building.

6. Receive = building=20 keys.

7. Establish = appropriate duty roster to ensure facility is manned or checked as = required and=20 request augmentation, if required.

c. = When: When a=20 National Guard unit at a single unit armory or when all National Guard = units at=20 a multiunit armory are mobilized for Federal duty.

(2) Family=20 Assistance:

a. = What: VDF=20 personnel assist National Guard family members with basic military = family=20 support services.

b. = How: The=20 National Guard has a well-established family assistance system centered = on 8=20 military installations and 12 National Guard Family Assistance Centers = spread=20 across Virginia. VDF will augment the support provided by the existing = National=20 Guard and military centers as needed to providing outreach services. = Particular=20 areas in which VDF may be requested to assist are providing manpower to = help=20 process documents, legal support, and chaplain support,

c. = When: On=20 mobilization of the National Guard for Federal service.

(3) Unarmed=20 Security:

a. = What: VDF=20 personnel control access to disaster areas and provide a show of force = to deter=20 criminal actions, including looting of the disaster area and assaults on = relief=20 workers. VDF supports the National Guard and law enforcement by = providing=20 coverage for low threat areas.

b. = How: Three=20 basic options exist for unarmed security in each case, VDF personnel = must=20 understand they have no power of arrest or detention and that they = depend on the=20 cooperation of citizens willing to abide by instructions.

1. Access=20 Control: is identifying persons allowed to enter an area, = permitting=20 those authorized to enter, and excluding those who are not authorized. = Access=20 control is used to control who enters a disaster area after the = disaster, often=20 in the form of roadblocks. In some cases you may have to keep residents = out or=20 restrict their period access because of hazards, This will require great = tact=20 and compassion for people worried about loved ones, homes, and = possessions.=20 Access control is also important for disaster management facilities, = including=20 operation centers and communication centers. In this case the problem is = keeping=20 the number of people in the facility manageable.

2. Foot = Patrols:=20 Foot patrols sweep through areas to check on the security of the area. = Foot=20 patrols allow checks of individual buildings and let the patrol talk to = and=20 check the identity and welfare of persons in the area. However, foot = patrol move=20 slowly and cover a small area in a given amount at time. Leaders of foot = patrols=20 must ensure the patrol uses observation to cover as much ground as = possible and=20 does not allow itself be trapped in areas from which retreat is = impossible. Al=20 least one patrol member should always be observing behind the=20 patrol.

3. Mounted = Patrol: Mounted patrols sweep through areas in which roadways are = passable,=20 in much the same manner as foot patrols. Mounted patrols must always = have at=20 least two vehicles with at least two people in each vehicle. If = pedestrians or=20 residents are encountered one vehicle crew remains mounted and one = dismounts to=20 interview. Inside the vehicles, each crew member must be assigned an = area to=20 scan, and the tail vehicle must always have one person scanning behind = the=20 patrol.

c. = Safety: VDF=20 personnel must be committed in sufficient numbers to be a strong, = uniformed=20 presence and to deter attacks on the unarmed security guards. The = minimum size=20 for any security task is the Company. No unit will be committed without=20 absolutely reliable communications with Battalion. Battalions must have = reserves=20 to support Companies rapidly and rapid commutations with law = enforcement. BOTTOM=20 LINE - today's disaster criminals are armed a quite willing to kill in = order to=20 continue looting. VDF personnel must be ready to withdraw and call for = armed=20 help. VDF forces are never committed where help is unavailable and = should never=20 be the sole security force for an area or facility.

d. = When:=20 Normally, access control will be required for emergency operates centers = from=20 the start of operations. Unarmed security normally required after the = actual=20 disaster effects subside and people begin to reenter the = area.

(4) = Traffic=20 Control:

a. = What: VDF=20 personnel direct traffic at key intersections to control flow adding to = patterns=20 established by authorities.

b. = How: Traffic=20 control is hazardous, requiring a smoothly functioning team to maintain = traffic=20 flow. It is vital to understand that traffic control is a function = restricted by=20 law to sworn law enforcement officers, and that VDF personnel only = perform this=20 function under supervision of law enforcement or when given special = officer=20 status.

1. If traffic = is moving=20 smoothly and is being adequately controlled by existing signals (lights, = signs,=20 and roadway markings), there is no need to control it.

2. Ensure you = are=20 visible. Wear a reflective safety vest, have a flashlight with a control = wand,=20 wear white of orange gloves, and carry a whistle.

3. Do not = enter the=20 flow of traffic unless it is absolutely necessary to traffic control. If = possible, control traffic from the side of the road or the corners of = the=20 intersection, rather than positioning in the center of the street. This = means=20 you may need several people to work an intersection.

4. Make your = movements=20 large, clear, and easy to understand. Traffic and audible signals must = conform=20 to standards the Code of Virginia.

5. = Coordinate among=20 the team working the intersection; Make sure each person understands how = the=20 traffic is supposed to flow before you change what you are = doing.

6. Never = make=20 assumptions about what a driver is going to do. Make certain you have = eye=20 contact and that the driver understands what you want him to = do.

7. Have = directions=20 ready. You will be asked where fuel, food, lodging are available and for = directions on what route to follow. Know the answers so you can give = short=20 directions to keep the traffic flowing.

8. Some = people will=20 run through closed road signs and go in whatever direction they want to = go in.=20 Stay out of their way. Do not try to stop a car with your = body.

(5) = Evacuation=20 Notification:

a. = What. VDF=20 personnel go door-to-door notifying residents to evacuate areas that = will be=20 affected by a disaster,

b. = How:=20 Evacuation notification must be conducted rapidly and thoroughly to = alert all=20 people in an affected area of the need to get out. Evacuation is both an = emergency management and a political decision and is usually made by the = chief=20 elected official of the jurisdiction.

1. Wear the = VDF=20 uniform. People have a far better response to evacuation notification if = it is=20 delivered by an individual in uniform.

2. Use a = standard=20 evacuation notification. Tell people they must evacuate; what the hazard = is,=20 when it will arrive, who has ordered evacuation, and why they should go. =

3. If = possible,=20 provide a written set of instructions, including what to take with=20 them.

4. If = someone refuses=20 to leave, note the address for checks after the disaster and pass the = name and=20 address back to emergency management officials.

5. If no one = is home,=20 leave a copy of the directions tucked into the door and report a = no-contact at=20 that address.

c. = When:=20 Evacuation notification is carried out before the onset of the effects = of the=20 disaster.

(6) = Emergency=20 Transportation:

a. = What: VDF=20 aircraft, vehicles, and boats are used to transport critical personnel = and small=20 supplies during an emergency.

b. = How:=20

1. = Air: Aviation=20 Battalion can fly one or two high-priority passengers and fight cargo to = any=20 location in the state with FAA-approved airfield using a single = aircraft. Each=20 aircraft is flown with a crew of a pilot and an observer. In general,=20 uncontrolled airfields should be used with caution and unpaved strips = should be=20 avoided. Where possible, airfields used will have an airfield control = party to=20 coordinate VDF operations and support Airlift is coordinated through the = Division EOC.

2. = Ground:=20 Infantry units with member-owned four-wheel-drive vehicles can provide=20 transportation for one or two persons or small cargo. Four-wheel-drive = vehicles=20 will be dispatched on transportation tasks in pairs for safety and to = ensure the=20 ability to complete the mission. In general, such transportation will be = for=20 short distances within the disaster area.

3. = Water:=20 Infantry units with member-owned, boats on trailer may be able to = provide=20 limited water transportation in a disaster area.

(7) = Emergency=20 Communications:

a. = What: VDF=20 provides long and short range communication to support the National = Guard and=20 other tasking agencies.

b. = How: VDF=20 communications fall into three basic categories:

1. Long = Haul High=20 Frequency; VDF high frequency (HF) stations provide a statewide=20 communications net that can be used to relay disaster messages anywhere = in=20 Virginia. Complete HF radio stations with transmitters, power supplies,=20 antennas, cabling, and two-person operator teams can by deployed by air = or road=20 whenever needed.

2. Short = Distance=20 Tactical Communications: VDF has limited capabilities to short = communication=20 needs within a disaster area using Very High Frequency (VHF) and Family = Radio=20 Service (FRS) radios. Family Radio Service Capability provides a way to=20 communicate with the general public and provide instructions and gather=20 information.

3. = Interface VDF=20 communications includes a number of licensed Amateur Radio operators. = These=20 individuals have the capability to bridge VDF and agency communications = with the=20 Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service.

c. = When:=20 Communications will be critical in the immediate post-disaster period.=20 Requirements can be expected to extend into the middle of the recovery=20 period.

(8) = Aerial Damage=20 Assessment:

a. = What: Use of=20 VDF aircraft to assess damage within geographical areas in a disaster. = This=20 includes residential and business area damage, flooding, blockage of=20 transportation arteries, destruction of bridges, and movement of=20 refugees.

b. = How:=20 Aircraft are dispatched to do:

1. Point=20 Surveys: Aircraft flies over specific points that emergency managers = need=20 surveyed. These may such facilities as dams, brides, or key facilities. = The crew=20 reports the degree of damage or if the facility appears = intact.

2. Route=20 Surveys: Aircraft flies a specific route, and crew notes any damage = along=20 the route. This is mainly used to survey roads or railroads, and could = be used=20 to determine the movement of refugees from a disaster = area.

3. Area = Surveys:=20 Aircraft files a pattern over a relatively large area to determine the = degree of=20 damage. This technique would primarily be used for detecting fires, = determining=20 the extent of flooding, identifying areas of residential or business = property=20 damage, or surveying ports.

c. = Techniques=20 Used: Aircraft fly primarily at low altitudes (500 to 1000 feet) to = allow=20 observers to visually scan the area. Reports may be in real-time over = VDF radio=20 or on landing. They may use camera instant photographs or=20 videotaping.

d. = When:=20 Usually used early after the onset of a disaster to help plan rescue and = recovery.

(9) Rapid = Ground=20 Damage Assessment:

a. = What: VDF=20 personnel in vehicles provide rapid coverage of damaged areas to = determine the=20 extent of damage and its impact on the people who live in the=20 area.

b. = How:=20 Emergency Management and the American Red Cross have different = objectives for=20 damage assessment. However, the following applies to both types of = damage=20 assessment.

1. = Preliminary damage=20 assessment, often called "windshield survey." is a rapid initial check = to=20 determine the general scope of the disaster. While data may be collected = building by building, it is an initial assessment, not a detailed = engineering=20 study of the degree of damage.

2. Two-person = teams in=20 a vehicle with radio communications is the basic windshield damage = assessment=20 unit. A Company could easily coordinate rapid assessment in a = development or=20 neighborhood assigning vehicles to streets and ensuring the entire area = is=20 covered.

3. Generally, = each=20 building is classified as not damned (no obvious damage visible from the = meet),=20 lightly damaged (Building appears to be usable, but there has been some = damage),=20 heavily damaged (Building is not usable or safe to enter), or destroyed=20 (building obviously cannot be repaired).

4. The damage = assessment effort covers the entire damaged area, although each = jurisdiction may=20 run its own effort within its borders. After completion of survey, rapid = reporting is by street and the number of buildings in each=20 category.

c. = When: As=20 soon as rescue and relief forces enter the area. Information is needed = very=20 early in the response for state and federal disaster declarations. = Normally=20 complete in the first 24 hours,

(10) = Light Duty=20 Urban Search and Rescue:

a. = What: VDF=20 personnel perform initial search and rescue actions to locate persons = trapped in=20 collapsed buildings and effect rapid rescues of those easily=20 freed.

b. = How: Light=20 duly urban search and rescue (US&R) is part of a disciplined effort = to=20 locate and rescue live victims and recover the bodies of the=20 dead.

1. In your = assigned=20 area check each building for collapse. Do not enter collapsed or partly=20 collapsed buildings. Report elapsed buildings.

2. = Immediately report=20 any buildings in which there are clear signs of life (moaning, cries for = help,=20 people you can see who are trapped and alive).

3. Mark every = building=20 checked with contrasting color paint using markings coordinated with the = lead=20 US&R team

4. If you = find persons=20 who are trapped but who can be easily freed by moving debris that will = not cause=20 further collapse, free them. If in doubt, reassure the person and call = for help.=20 Take precautions to protect the parson from further injury and provide = first aid=20 for injuries you can reach.

5. Provide = manpower to=20 assist specialized US&R teams with debris removal at those sites = that=20 require further checking or rescue efforts.

c. = When: After=20 disaster resulting in the collapse of buildings and possibly tapping = people in=20 the wreckage.

(11) = Fixed Wing Air=20 Search:

a. = What: VDF=20 aircraft provide air search for disaster victims and missing=20 aircraft.

b. = How: VDF=20 aircraft operate with two- or three-person crews to search assigned = areas under=20 the control of the designated search mission coordinator. In most cases = searches=20 will be assigned by grid squares using the National Search and Rescue = Grid=20 System. Aircraft cover the grid at altitudes of between 500 and 1000 = feet,=20 flying parallel legs to ensure even coverage of the area. Observers are = assigned=20 specific visual scanning areas which try cover with eye movement in = standard=20 patterns to provide the best chance of detecting the search objective. = VDF=20 aircrews will report mission results to the agency managing the=20 search.

c. = When:=20 Expected to be fairly late in a response to augment other primary air = search=20 resources as they become exhausted.

(12) = Shelter=20 Support

a. = What: VDF=20 assists social services agencies in initial set-up of emergency shelter = for=20 disaster refugees.

b. = How: VDF is=20 not a primary shelter management agency. VDF units lose their value as a = trained, organized, mobile response force when spilt up and dedicated to = shelter=20 duties. However, we can assist the Red Cross and local social services=20 in:

1. Setting up = the=20 physical facilities for the shelter.

2. = Registering refugees=20 and processing initial mass care paperwork.

3. Providing=20 communications between shelters and with support = agencies.

4. Providing = unarmed=20 security for shelters.

c, = When:=20 Shelters are often opened before the start of the emergency. Needs for = shelters=20 extend through the immediate response into the recovery phase. In most = disasters=20 shelters are not widely used, and many close after two or three days of=20 operation.

(13)=20 Communicate:

a. = Phonetic=20 Alpha: The phonetic alphabet is used to spell words when a spelling = is=20 unusual or radio conditions or a telephone connection are poor. Use the = correct=20 letters. Do not use the older systems, the public safety system, or = made-up=20 words.

A =20 ALPHA

J =20 JULIET

S =20 SIERRA

B =20 BRAVO

K =20 KILO

T =20 TANGO

C =20 CHARLIE

L =20 LIMA

U =20 UNIFORM

D =20 DELTA

M =20 MIKE

V =20 VICTOR

E =20 ECHO

N =20 NOVEMBER

W =20 WHISKEY

F =20 FOXTROT

O =20 OSCAR

X =20 X-RAY

G =20 GOLF

P =20 PAPA

Y =20 YANKEE

H =20 HOTEL

Q =20 QUEBEC

Z =20 ZULU

I =20 INDIA

R =20 ROMEO

b. = Numerals: In=20 general, numbers are pronounced and used as they are in daily = conversation.=20 However, there are a couple of exceptions. The number 9 is pronounced = NINER, and=20 the number 0 is always ZERO. Large numbers are always read as individual = digits=20 (1623 is ONE SIX TWO THREE), unless they are in even thousands (2000 is = TWO=20 THOUSAND, 18000 is ONE SIX THOUSAND).

c. = Procedural Words:=20 Procedural words are words that have a standard meaning in all = communications.=20 Some of the more common ones Include:

AFFIRMATIVE

Yes.

NEGATIVE

No.

ROGER

I have = received=20 and understand your message.

WILCO

I have = received,=20 understand, and will comply with your = message.

OVER

I have = completed=20 my transmission and expect an answer from = you.

OUT=20

I have = completed=20 my transmission and no answer is = necessary.

WAIT

Standby until I=20 can reply.

BREAK=20

I am = pausing in=20 transmission to let you ask me to repeat any = part

WORDS = TWICE=20

I am = repeating=20 this twice because radio conditions are = poor.

FIGURES

Numerals=20 follow.

INITIALS

Individual=20 letters follow.

d. = Date-Time=20 Groups: Date-time groups are six numbers used to identify the date = and=20 time.

1. 24-hour = Time:=20 All military, and most public safety, references to time are expressed = with four=20 digits for the hours and minutes:

1:00

0100

1:00

1300

2:00

0200

2:00

1400

3:00

0300

3:00

1500

4:00

0400

4:00

1600

5:00

0500

5:00

1700

6:00

0600

6:00

1800

7:00

0700

7:00

1900

8:00

0800

8:00

2000

9:00

0900

9:00

2100

10:00

1000

10:00

2200

11:00

1100

11:00

2300

Noon

1200

Midnight

2400

e. Time = Zones:=20 For most uses, VDF tells time In Local Time. You may hear references to = ZULU,=20 Greenwich Mean Time, or UTC. These are primarily used in communication = and are=20 taught in the Radio Operator School and in Advanced = Training.

f. Date = Time=20 Group: The first two numbers of the six number group are the date. = The next=20 four numbers are the time in 24 hour time. The month and year may be = placed=20 after the six numbers. This manual, for example is being prepared at = 9:00 pm on=20 5 July 1997; the date-time group would read 052100 Jul = 97.

g. VDF=20 Messages: The VDF Field Message can be transmitted easily using a = simple=20 format:

(cal sign of = station=20 called)

THIS IS = (your call=20 sign)

(precedence)

(date-time=20 group)

FROM (call=20 sign/identity of originator)

TO(call = sign/identity=20 of addressee)

TEXT (plain = language,=20 brief, concise wording)

BREAK

OVER or=20 OUT

h,=20 Survival:

1. First = Aid:=20 Every VDF member should have a current standard first aid or higher=20 qualification. First aid techniques evolve, and your skills decay if you = do not=20 use them. Although the cards are good for several years, annual renewal = will=20 keep your skills current. Remember the following = priorities:

(a) AIRWAY = =96 ensure=20 the injured person posited so their breathing is not = obstructed

b) BREATHING = - check=20 for breathing. If the person is not breathing, start mount-to-mouth=20 resuscitation. Always use a pocket mask or other one-way valve=20 system.

(c) = CIRCULATION -=20 check for heart beat. If no heart beat, start cardiopulmonary = resuscitation, if=20 appropriate.

(d) = DISABILITY - check=20 for level of consciousness. If the patient is conscious, find out what = happened=20 and what their chief problem is.

(e) EXPOSE - = check for=20 bleeding, fractures, and injuries to the chest. Stop any = life-threatening=20 bleeding. Always wear gloves and take universal = precautions.

(f) HELP - = call for=20 the emergency medical services. Have the following information=20 ready:

LOCATION

MAIN=20 PROBLEM

AGE

SEX

BREATHING?

CONSCIOUS?

DANGEROUS=20 BLEEDING?

2. Buddy = System:=20 Many problems are easy to overlook if you are just looking at yourself - = dehydration, sunburn, ticks, hypothermia, etc. The buddy system is a = basic=20 survival tool. Leaders at all levels should direct VDF personnel to pair = as=20 "Buddies=94 at the start of operations. The Platoon is ideally set up = for the=20 buddy system. Your buddy checks on you regularly to make sure you are = drinking=20 enough, that you are not overheating or loosing too much heat, that your = sunscreen use is good, and that your are in good shape. Buddies spot = small=20 problems that, if left alone, will cause you real problems and may even = kill=20 you.

3.=20 Hydration:

(a) = Drinking=20 Discipline: During emergency operations the pace of the work often = causes=20 people not to drink enough fluids. Leaders at all levels must order = regular=20 water breaks at least every 15 minutes during physical work or when = marching and=20 encourage their people to drink whenever they want to. When people are = sweating,=20 it is a good sign they need to replace lost fluids by drinking. A good = sign is=20 darkened urine - encourage monitoring urine color and increasing fluid = intake to=20 keep urine clear and near colorless, During cold weather drinking is = also vital=20 as significant fluid loss is masked by the cold.

(b) = Electrolyte=20 Drinks: including such sports drinks as Gatorade, replace not only = water=20 volume but also some lost chemicals needed for efficient body function. = It is=20 worth the extra cost to carry one of these drinks in your canteen in = place of=20 water. However, if you have any long-term medical problem, we suggest = you check=20 with your doctor to confirm the product is safe for you.

(c) = Alcohol has=20 absolutely no place emergency operations. Drinking alcohol cuts your = physical=20 perforce for as long as 24 hours afterwards. It may make you unsafe to = drive=20 when you are needed for an emergency task. Alcohol causes you to loose = addition=20 fluids. This effect is particularly severe if you are dehydrated already = from=20 not drinking enough water during the day or you are suffering from even = a mild=20 burn (such as sunburn). And think about the negative image -- there you = are=20 enjoying a six-pack of cool ones when the television camera crew shows = up. Do=20 not bring alcoholic beverages to an emergency response and do not drink = them=20 during the response.

4. = Sunscreen=20 Discipline: Sun exposure causes sunburn and skin cancer. Both are=20 preventable by individuals, buddies, and leaders taking proper steps to = protect=20 our troops.

(a) = Sunburn:=20 Sunburn is a short term but severe problem - a bad sunburn is extremely = painful,=20 dehydrates you badly, and may make you unable to do your assigned = duties. Severe=20 cases may require hospitalization. Leaders at all levels should take = every step=20 to prevent their personnel from becoming sunburned. Buddies, watch your = buddy=20 carefully.

(b) Skin=20 Cancer: Skin cancer a major killer of adults in the United States. = The=20 number one cause of skin cancer is sun exposure. While exposure as a VDF = member=20 will be only a small part of life exposure, it may come at a critical=20 time.

(c) = Prevention:=20 Any time VDF personnel are working outside (even on cloudy winter days) = there is=20 a potential for dangerous sun exposure. Whenever you are outside, take = the=20 following actions:

-1- Wear a = hat. The=20 patrol cap is the cap of choice because it has a solid top (many = baseball caps=20 have a mesh top that allows painful scalp burns) and because there is = air room=20 for cooling inside the cap.

-2- Shirt = sleeves down=20 unless it is simply too hot to function.

-3- If you = will be out=20 for a long period, tuck a handkerchief in the back of your cap to screen = your=20 neck.

-4- Wear = sunscreen -=20 low SPF (4-10) sunscreen is useful only on overcast days; if there is = direct=20 sun, use as strong a SPF as you can get. Put the sunscreen on before you = go to=20 the sun.

-5- = Periodically renew=20 the sunscreen - you wipe it off and sweat carries it = away.

5. = Ticks:=20 Virginia has one of the densest tick populations in North America. These = crawling insects are found anywhere there is vegetation. They feed on = human=20 blood and will attach themselves almost anywhere on the body. They are = carriers=20 of at least five significant diseases. The best way to deal with ticks = is to=20 prevent them from attaching to you.

(a) Blouse = your=20 trousers. Tuck in shirts on those uniforms designed to be worn with the = shirt=20 tucked in. Ware your belt tight.

(b) =20 Treat trousers and sleeves with insect repellant. Spray repellants are = about 85%=20 effete in discouraging ticks.

(c) =20 Wear a uniform only once. Then wash and re-treat it before going into = the=20 field.

(d) =20 When you have a break, check yourself and your buddy carefully. When you = come in=20 from the field, do a thorough check. After you take your uniform off, = shower, or=20 have someone else do a check. Pay special attention to areas covered by=20 hair.

6. Cold = and Wet=20 Problems: Hypothermia is a real problem in Virginia. Most people get = in=20 trouble in the cold when temperatures are above freezing, it is raining, = and the=20 wind is blowing =96 a good Virginia late Fall or early winter day. = Working in the=20 cold, you have to be very aware of cold exposure.

a) Layer = your close.=20 Take clothes off and put them on as needed to keep yourself constant=20 temperature. If you are starling to sweat, open your coat or take off = your hat.=20 Having a number of layers (field jacket, sweater, shirt, and thermal = underwear)=20 lets you adjust to the amount of clothing. It also traps air and heats = it with=20 your body first.

(b) Wear a = hat. Much=20 of your heat loss is through your head. The patrol cap with ear flaps is = a=20 semi-cold weather hat; colder is a stocking cap; colder still is a ski=20 mask.

(c) Keep = active.=20 Muscular activity generates a lot of heat.

(d) Eat. = Food is fuel=20 to meet your heat needs.

(e) Stay dry = and out=20 of the wind. Wet clothing draws heat away from your body rapidly. So = does the=20 wind. The combination of wind and wet can rapidly be fatal. A simple = solution is=20 a large garbage bag with arms and head holes. The bag keeps you dry, = traps heat,=20 and is impervious to the wind.

7. = Fatigue:=20 Emergency work is mental, physically, and emotionally tiring. Because = VDF is a=20 cadre organization, many positions are filled only one deep, leading to = 12 to 18=20 hour duty days with minimum sleep and poor nutrition. Under these = conditions=20 everyone may make bad decisions or miss critical = information.

(a). Leaders = must=20 encourage all not to stand if they can sit, sit if they can lie, be = awake if=20 they can nap.

(b) Key = personnel must=20 establish a regular sleep cycle for themselves. Better a slightly=20 less-then-perfect decision be made by an awake subordinate than a tired = expert=20 make a disastrous one. Arrange relief manning, even if the relief is not = an=20 expert on the job.

(c) Eat = regularly,=20 Often, High nutrition snacks at intervals keep the energy level over the = long=20 haul and may be better than big meals that sap energy for their=20 digestion.

(d) Visit = the troops.=20 A visit to an operational unit away from the CP or EOC lets you gain a = fresh=20 perspective and clears the mind.

B. Survival=20 Priorities: If for some reason you are separated from your unit, take = immediate=20 actions to ensure your survival.

(a) = Recognize you are=20 separated. They are not around the next corner or over the next rise =96 = If you=20 keep looking for them they will never find you.

(b) Stop = moving and=20 find a safe location.

(c) = Communicate =96 by=20 radio, whistle (3 blasts is a commonly recognized help call), or pay = phone. Let=20 your CP know where you are and how to get there. If you are not sure = where you=20 we, let them know the last place you were sure of your location and what = your=20 present location looks like.

(d) Get into = shelter.=20 You can sunburn yourself badly or become severely hypothermic waiting by = a=20 crossroad for a pick-up vehicle.

(e) Conserve = energy.=20 Eat, rest, drink, and recharge your mental batteries with this=20 break.

6.=20 EQUIPMENT

A. = Individual=20 Equipment: The Division is developing a 72-hour Basic Load; the = 72-hour=20 Basic Load concept recognizes that VDF responders must be = self-sufficient in the=20 disaster area for the first 72 hours of a disaster. VDF units must not = deplete=20 their emergency supplies for disaster victims. We can expect it will = take 72=20 hours for relief agencies to establish support services for relief = workers.=20 Equipment in the basic load should be pre-packed in a duffle bag and = kept ready=20 for immediate departure. The following list is a guide for planning your = equipment and supplies until a Division Basic Load is = published:

personal = documents=20

(VDF = identification=20 card, first aid/CPR cards, drivers / radio operator = license)

two Class C=20 uniforms

three = changes of=20 underwear

three pars=20 socks

boots,=20 field

uniform hat = (patrol=20 cap)

rain gear = (may be rain=20 suit or poncho

field jacket = (In=20 season)

work gloves=20 (preferably leather) wool or Gore-text=AE

winter = gloves (in=20 season), blousing bands

two=20 handkerchiefs

closes brush =

shoeshine = kit=20

small sewing = kit

waterproof = matches in=20 container with striker

one roll = toilet paper=20 in water proof container

soap (field=20 biodegradable )

shampoo = (field=20 biodegradable)

razor

toothbrush = and=20 toothpaste (field biodegradable)

sanitation = supplies,=20 as appropriate

mess=20 kit

sleeping=20 bag

ensolite pad = or=20 camping air mattress

two ones = quart=20 canteens

compass with = case

whistle with = lanyard

signal=20 mirror

knife (this = should be=20 a working knife, such as a Swiss Army. Rambo knives look silly and = don=92t work=20 very well for what we do)

personal = medication,=20 and allergic reactions bite/sting kit, if appropriate)

high SP = sunscreen=20 lotion

insect=20 repellant

chap=20 stick

load-bearing = equipment

pack (may be = day pack=20 or a butt back), and straps entrenching tool

flashlight =20 traffic-direction wand

safety vest=20 (preferably with reflective tape) hard hat

B. Vehicle = Equipment:=20 Each vehicle should carry basic emergency equipment. The following list = is a=20 guide equipping your vehicle until a Division list of equipment is=20 published:

spare tire = with jack=20 and appropriate tire-changing tool

Chains=20 (winter)

six road = flares or a=20 set of reflective triangles

flashlight = with a=20 traffic-control wand

reflective = safety=20 vest

hand and = spare pars=20 for operator-level maintenance

first-aid=20 kit

blanket

jumper=20 cables

towing rope = or=20 strap

Citizen band = radio=20 with antennas

Gas can,=20 empty

7. Other = Emergency=20 Response Agencies:

A. = Emergency=20 management: Emergency management agencies are established in every = county=20 and independent city. These may be called 'Emergency Management,' = 'Emergency=20 Services and Disaster Agency,' "Emergency Preparedness," `Civil = Defense,* or=20 some other name. However, all do the same thing: Provide elected = officials=20 advice and staff support in the protection of the citizens from man-made = or=20 natural disasters. The emergency management agency is headed by a = Coordinator.=20 The chief executive of the jurisdiction is by law the emergency = management=20 Director for the jurisdiction. The elected officials are responsible for = direction and policy decisions in disaster management =97 the = coordinator works=20 with a variety of agencies to carry out that policy. At the state level = the=20 Virginia Department of Emergency Services performs the same function for = state=20 government and serves as the critical link in organizing state responses = to=20 emergencies and coordinating Federal government support to the state. At = the=20 Federal level the Federal Emergency Management Agency is the primary=20 coordinating agency.

B. Law=20 Enforcement: In an emergency three law enforcement functions become=20 important to VDF mission taskings. Law enforcement agencies have traffic = control=20 and enforcement duties, enforce criminal laws (including looting and = assaults on=20 relief workers), and deal with mass disturbances, including=20 riots.

(1) State = Police: The State Police have statewide jurisdiction to enforce = traffic laws=20 and the laws of Virginia. The State Police provide the backbone for = response to=20 any major threat to law and order in the state.

(2) = Sheriffs:=20 Sheriffs are independent elected officials responsible for public safety = within=20 their counties, including traditional law enforcement functions, = operation of=20 jails, service of civil actions, and search and rescue. Sheriffs provide = law=20 enforcement outside the independent cities.

(3) = Police:=20 Police Departments provide law enforcement within cities and some = counties in=20 Virginia. Police and Sheriff's jurisdictions may overlap.

(4) = National=20 Guard: The Army National Guard provides the main armed force for = dealing=20 with civil disturbances at the level of riot or insurrection. Typically, = when=20 called to State Active Duty, the National Guard is vested with powers of = State=20 Police.

C. Fire = and=20 Rescue: Fire and emergency medical services functions are performed = in a=20 variety of ways. Some fire departments do only fire suppression and = extrication.=20 Some fire departments provide initial emergency medical services. Some = fire=20 departments offer full service emergency medical services. And, = emergency=20 services and rescue squads may be entirety separate. Both fire and = emergency=20 medical services may be full-time paid, part-time paid and part = volunteer, or=20 all volunteer.

(1) Fire=20 Department: The primary traditional role of fire departments is fire = suppression and rescue (including both from buildings and from=20 vehicles).

(2) = Rescue=20 Squads: In most of Virginia emergency medical services are provided = by local=20 volunteer rescue squads. While some squads have specialized rescue = capabilities,=20 most primarily provide emergency care to those who have been=20 rescued.

(3) Urban = Heavy=20 Search and Rescue Teams: in Virginia two heavy US&R teams = provide=20 complete capability to rescue persons trapped in collapsed=20 buildings.

D. = Emergency=20 Communications: There are four emergency communications = organizations that=20 have key disaster response roles:

(1) National = Communications System: The Federal government's manager for emergency=20 communications, including the capability to deploy specialized resources = to=20 disaster areas.

(2) = Shared=20 Resources (SHARE): A system of government agency communications = stations=20 which cooperate to deliver high priority message traffic primarily by HF = radio.

(3) = Amateur Radio=20 Emergency Service ARES: The volunteer amateur radio emergency group=20 sponsored by the American Radio Relay League. In Virginia, in a declared = disaster, ARES becomes the government-sponsored Radio Amateur Civil = Emergency=20 Services (RACES) and provides a backbone HF and VHF communications = system to=20 connect local government with the state EOC,

E. = Relief:=20 There arc a large number of relief agencies that are active in = disasters. The=20 best known are the Red Cross and the Salvation Army. Both provide mass = feeding.=20 The Red Cross specializes in sheltering, mass care, and maintaining a = master=20 welfare injury system. The Salvation Army can provide some mass care a=20 sheltering, but also is prepared to provide spiritual support to = victims. Other=20 disaster agencies are often church-based and include a wide variety of = groups=20 that specialize in specific rebuilding, feeding, and recovery=20 tasks.

F. = Military:=20 Lead military agency for disaster response is the Army National Guard, = serving=20 in its state role. Individual services provide support such as = engineering,=20 airlift, medical support, supply, feeding, and shelter support. Remember = that=20 military installations in the disaster area are not an immediate source = of help.=20 They have suffered the same forces as their communities have, and key = resources=20 have been evacuated prior to disaster onset. In addition, although base=20 commanders have broad authority to provide emergency help, their primary = mission=20 is to restore and maintain their installation's capability to do the = national=20 security mission.

G. Search = and=20 Rescue: Member Teams of the Appalachian Search and Rescue Conference = provide=20 wilderness and technical search and rescue capabilities. The US Coast = Guard=20 Auxiliary supports the Coast Guard in search and rescue on navigable = waters and=20 lakes. And, the Civil Air Patrol provides air search capability. In = addition,=20 there are specialized cave rescue and dog search teams in the=20 state.

FOR THE=20 COMMANDER:

CHARLES H. = ELLIS,=20 III

LTC, GS,=20 VDF

REVIEWER:

CARL E. = GARRISON=20 JR.

COLONEL GS = VDF=20

Chief of=20 Staff

DISTRIBUTION:=20 A